Saturday, November 21, 2009

MAGICK HIGH & LOW

Why High Magick?
Below we've listed a few questions about what high magick is, why it's important, and a short jaunt into it's history. 
Firstly, we should define "low magick". Low Magick is anything from folk magick to just your basic spell and ritual. I'm not saying basic because it's easy and no work involved. But it's certainly less involved than high magick. 
What's the difference you say? In low magick, you needn't feel you have to "stand here, hold this, say this, do this" in order for your spell to work. You just let it out and let Nature take it's course. You change the spells to suit your needs, preference or budget. High Magick, however, you don't really have a choice. The spells and incantations have been worded precisely so that the effect they're said to cause will result. If you try to change the words (which is sooo common in low magick) or change the items involved you won't get the same results. So if a ritual calls for thread woven by a maiden, while it may seem impossible to find (but isn't really).. then you'd better do your darndest to find it. High Magick is a lot like making a cake from the box. If you try and substitute powdered sugar for sugar, you're going to end up with a cake unlike anything else! Sure it's still a cake, but something's very different. 

Magick, High and Low by Merlyn

This article examines some theories and history behind the magick practiced today by many Neo-Pagans. Aleister Crowley, a controversial but accomplished early 20th century magician, was the first modern person to add the “k” to magic to distinguish this occult practice from the visual deceptions of stage magic. He defined magick as making events
conform to your will. Back in the 1850s Eliphas Levi had first emphasized the importance of the magician’s will. Crowley also said that every intentional act is a magickal act. The term occult means hidden knowledge. Many magicians believe that their magickal spells and consecrated tools will lose their power if exposed to a profane public. For this reason no specific magickal secrets will be revealed in this article.
High magick in this article refers to the formal and often very elaborate forms of magick (casting circles, calling quarters, invocations and evocation, for example) found in the rituals of Western Ceremonial Magick.
High magick, or theurgy, in a different sense refers to magick used to achieve a mystical religious experience where the magician is united with divinity or the godhead. Low magic or thaumaturgy, in contrast, is the folk-magic practiced by common people and informally handed down by oral tradition. Spells for protection, blessings of people and possessions and the placing and removal of curses are its staples.
The use of the words “high” and “low” should not suggest a judgment that high magick is preferable or better than low magick. Both forms of magickal practice have co-existed and complemented each other for several millennia. High and low magicians have a common purpose when each asks the unseen powers of the universe to favorably influence the outcome of certain events. Magick is classified as white, black, or gray, yet it is an amoral practice, because the magician’s intent makes it good or evil.
Magick versus Science
The separation of the practice of magick from that of science did not occur until the 17th century when scientists began viewing the universe as a complicated machine, such as a clock, rather than as a living organism, as had earlier philosophers and scientists. Before this separation, both magick and science were considered equal components of a natural philosophy that explained the causes of observed phenomena.
Several early modern scientists combined a study of magick and science. For example, Francis Bacon, in addition to being a champion of modern scientific observation and experimentation, also seriously studied magic, astrology, and alchemy according to British occult author Gareth Knight. Isaac Newton, the greatest scientist of the late 17th century, was as preoccupied with alchemy and theology as he was with physics, mathematics, and astronomy. The quest for a greater knowledge of magick and alchemy led to the development of the scientific method including the objective observation and recording of experiments, which is the foundation of modern science.. Since the 17th century, the mechanical view of nature has dominated academic thinking and made it easy for serious scholars to dismiss magick as part of outdated “superstitious” religion or “failed” science.
Early modern anthropologists adopted the scientific view that magick did not work, although it was an interesting cultural practice worthy of study. In Primitive Culture (1871) Edward B. Tylor considered magic, science and religion as separate and competing ways of explaining how this world works. Both magic and science followed a set of universal impersonal rules that the magician or scientist could learn to use. Religion, however, explained the workings of the world through the frequent intervention of a god or gods.
In The Golden Bough (1890-1915), a popular series of books on folk customs and comparative religion, James Frazer applied Tylor’s ideas to his study of dozens of cultures. Frazer assumed that as different “primitive” ethnic groups evolved they would gradually move from magickal to religious explanations of natural phenomena. Eventually, when they had evolved enough, they would adopt a scientific view and reject both magick and religion as false as had Frazer and other late-Victorian intellectuals.
It remained for the pioneer psychologists Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, Freud’s student and later rival, to provide an acceptable modern psychological explanation of how magick could work through the human subconscious mind. In particular, Jung’s psychological theories gave important roles to subconscious archetypal forces, the anima and animus in each of us, and our shadow or dark sides. His theories confirmed what occultists had already discovered through practice. Our subconscious minds do indeed influence the outcome of events in the physical world.
The occult novelist Dion Fortune studied both magick and applied psychology, and became a lay-therapist at the age of twenty three in 1913. She used psychological ideas about the subconscious in her books such as Psychic Defense where she described psychic attacks in psychological terms. Today it is common to hear magicians use psychological explanations when they try to convince skeptics that magick works.
Is Magick Just Good Psychology?
According to the psychological viewpoint of magick the focused will power of the magician is what makes magick work, because magickal powers exist entirely in his/her mind. The magickal tools, be they crystals, consecrated athames, or hair clippings from a the person the magician wishes to influence, are just psychological props that are of secondary importance..
An older viewpoint is that magickal powers reside in external worlds, both seen and unseen, and thus exist independently of our minds. Crowley’s definition of magick as making events conform with your will is consistent with the psychological view of magick. However, Crowley placed great emphasis on getting the exact ritual items. For example if a certain spell called for an egg from a black hen, an egg from a red hen would never do.
Traditional high and low magicians still literally believe in the special powers contained in “magickal” objects such as certain gems, gold and rare metals, elixirs, or the hypothetical philosopher’ s stone, to name a few. Obtaining the proper magickal supplies is part of the mental attunement for the carefully planned ritual. Magickal power is also traditionally believed to reside in peoples’ secret or magickal names and other “words of power.” For this reason these names and magickal incantations need to be kept secret to keep opponents from using them to place curses.
In today’s urban world where most Neo-Pagans live, it is difficult to get parts of wild animals (a weasel’s foot and a bat’s heart are examples from Pennsylvania Dutch magick) or herbs harvested at exactly the right lunar phase and time of day. Many Neo-Pagans also object strenuously to sacrificing any animal, no matter how important the proposed magick, so substitutes are necessary. To compensate for “missing” items, I believe people tend to use substitutes in their spells and rituals without giving much thought about their impact on the magick. Any old hen’s egg will do, won’t it? For Crowley and many other traditional magicians substitutes were never be acceptable.
I cannot provide a definitive answer as to whether magickal powers reside only in the mind or if they exist in the external world. Each person needs to reach his/her own conclusions based on their magickal experiences and subsequent beliefs.
Western Ceremonial Magick
Western Ceremonial Magick is primarily based on the surviving ancient Hermetic manuscripts that became available during the Renaissance. These writings were attributed to a revered ancient priest call Hermes or Hermes Trismegistus (Hermes the Thrice-Greatest) who was believed to have lived in pre-Christian antiquity. Marsilio Ficino, a scholar employed by Prince Cosimo de Medici, began translating the Corpus Hermeticum from Greek to Latin in 1453. The educated elite understood Latin, but not Greek. The magical parts of this work Ficino called “natural” magic as opposed to “angelic or daimonic” magic according to Gareth Knight. Ficino wanted to protect himself from the Inquisition because the Catholic Church prohibited the conjuring of spirits. The planetary spheres and their influences on earth (e.g. astrology) were part of this natural magic.
The Jewish Qabala is the second major source of information on which ceremonial magick is based. From the 15th century onwards the Qabala was popular among mystical Christians. Its Tree of Life diagram provides symbols that form a “spiritual language” the Qabalist can use to communicate with the angels and different aspects God.
Alchemy was another ancient tradition incorporated in ceremonial magick. It may be looked on as a “primitive chemistry” used in futile attempts to synthesize gold from lead, or as a spiritual discipline designed to elevate the consciousness through specified techniques of prayer, meditation or magick. In short, alchemy involves the manipulation of the imaginative faculty Gareth Knight states.
Another component of traditional ceremonial magic came from the Medieval grimoires (magickal books based on conjuring up demons and spirits). Two important grimoires were The Key of Solomon the King, and The Goetia or The Lesser Key of Solomon the King. Solomon had a reputation for wisdom among both Christians and Jews. He was credited with writing the Biblical Book of Proverbs and other wisdom literature such as these grimoires, although his authorship of these later works is questionable.
In the late 16th century in Elizabethan England, Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelly, Dee’s scryer, developed Enochian magick. The Enochian calls or keys were used to contact angels who communicated messages to Kelly via the Enochian language, which resembled no previously known language. The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn would later use Enochian magick (see below).
The Western Ceremonial magician traditionally was a middle or upper class person with sufficient leisure time and financial resources to dedicate him- or herself to seriously studying the occult. A private space where the ceremonial magician could work undisturbed was a prerequisite. Books on magick were expensive and often hard to obtain, while fancy embroidered ceremonial robes were not cheap either. Other expensive magickal materials might include precious stones, rare metals or a laboratory equipped with distillation stills and furnaces for alchemy.
The Romantic Rebellion against the dominant thinking of the scientific Enlightenment began in the late 18th century. The Romantics favored the use of intuitive knowledge over reason and made decisions based on their emotions. They also studied and wrote about waning folk traditions including magick. The books of two occult authors Francis Barrett (The Magus, 1801) and Eliphas Levi (Dogma and Ritual of High Magic, 1856) greatly aided this magickal revival.
Magical fraternities, including some esoteric Masonic orders, reached a peak in the late 19th century. The most influential group was the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (Golden Dawn or OGD) whose rituals and derived rituals are still practiced today. Before its formation in 1888, no other occult organization had ever gathered so much information in one place. Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers wrote the Golden Dawn rituals based on his extensive understanding of Western magickal traditions. Golden Dawn provided training in practical magic and ritual initiations to over three hundred members in England and Scotland between 1888 and 1900.
Golden Dawn, however, was a semi-secret initiatory organization and its extensive magickal knowledge was not shared with a larger public. After Golden Dawn spilt in 1900 into at least three splinter groups including Alpha et Omega, and Stella Matutina, the separate organizations kept their secrets.
Two people, Aleister Crowley and Israel Regardie, however, ignored their sworn oaths of secrecy and made OGD’s extensive collection of occult knowledge available to the public in the years between 1912 and 1940. Crowley first published parts of Golden Dawn rituals in his magazine, The Equinox, in 1912. In the late-1930s, Israel Regardie, Crowley’s former and by then estranged student, published the complete version of OGD rituals in four large volumes (The Golden Dawn). Regardie got his information through his membership in Stella Matutina rather than from Crowley.
Dion Fortune wrote non-fictional books on the occult and magical novels in the 1920s and 1930s. While she claimed that she did not reveal any oath-bound secrets (she was an initiate of Alpha et Omega), her writings about the occult traditions she knew were so clear and concise that she made them comprehensible to the uninitiated public. The Mystical Qabalah is usually rated as her best book on magick, while The Sea Priestess is considered her best novel.
In the late 1940s Gerald Gardner began writing about a religion he called Wicca. Its rituals, made public in the 1950s, have more of the flavor of Western Ceremonial Magick (casting circles, calling quarters and invocations, for example) than of the traditional folk-magick examined in the next section.
Folk Magick
The low or folk magician in England was commonly called a cunning man, wise woman, or sorcerer, but rarely a witch at least in public. Their psychic skills were believed to be inherited. Often the Cunningfolk were illiterate members of the lower classes who had to work as agricultural laborers or at other menial jobs. Their magick was done on the side, usually in exchange for money or goods.
Historian James Baker has summarized the beliefs and practices common to the historically documented ‘white witches,’ another name applied to the English Cunningfolk. He writes that there are hundreds of documented examples of active wise women and cunning men from the Middle Ages to the late-19th century. Their magic was practical and solitary rather than group oriented (for example, Cunningfolk never formed thirteen-member covens). Their magickal practices were more of a trade or calling rather than a religious faith. Folk magick was both traditional and flexible. Ideas borrowed over time from high magick included classical astrology and spells from the grimoires and writings of Renaissance magicians.
The deities or entities the Cunningfolk invoked included the Christian Trinity, the Christian saints, the planets (personified as individuals such as Mars, Mercury, Saturn, and Venus), the faeries, and assorted spirits and demons. Some people apprenticed with other Cunningfolk, while others were self taught.
Common magickal tools included scrying crystals; the Bible and grimoires; wax, cloth or clay poppets; charms written on Vellum, paper or metal; divining rods; witch bottles (used to hold urine, hair, or nail clippings); wands; swords and knives (never called athames). Their magickal recipes called for animal parts, the human parts mentioned above; and fragments of vegetables, cloth, glass, pottery, metal or minerals. When spells involved another individual not present, obtaining personal items from that person was believed to be necessary for success. Cunningfolk operating as white witches used their powers to defeat the spells and curses of “black witches,” who they assumed existed, as did the Inquisition.
The villagers and occasional local gentry visited and paid the Cunningfolk for healings, identification of thieves, successful treasure hunts, fortune telling, removing curses, and obtaining good-luck charms. Satisfied customers tended to the remember magickal successes conforming with their beliefs, rather than the failures.
In the United States, pockets of traditional folk magick still survive in the southern Appalachians, the Ozarks, and Pennsylvania Dutch Country, but these are dying out. In the Southwest, the Curanderos and Curanderas practice a magick incorporating elements from Spanish Catholicism, Mexican or Mestizo and Native American traditions.
Folk-magic is becoming popular among Neo-Pagans I believe in part because it has authentic historical roots. Its magickal spells rituals are often simple, easy to perform, and magickal tools (knives, pieces cloth, colored threads, etc.) can often be borrowed from the kitchen or sewing basket. The occult publisher Lleweyllen prints books on folk magick written by popular authors such as Edain McCoy (In a Graveyard at Midnight) and Silver RavenWolf (HexCraft). Examples of more scholarly works by academic publishers include Ozark Magic and Folklore by Vance Randolph (first published as Ozark Superstitions in 1947), and A Guide to Mexican Witchcraft (1992) by William and Claudia Madsen.
Does Magick Work?
Many Neo-Pagans believe in the reality of magic, but still try to work and live harmoniously in a modern world skeptical of magick. For this reason, they look for modern and somewhat scientific explanations of magick. Defining magick as a series of focused psychological exercises, designed to promote positive thinking and subsequent acting in accord to achieve realistic goals, is one such explanation. Its sounds better than saying that magick works because you use secret incantations to conjure up demons who you then force to do your bidding. This was a standard Medieval explanation.
For me using simple protection techniques such as those described in HexCraft by Silver RavenWolf has helped me increase my assertiveness in difficult situations at work or on travel. I now carry a small “divinity” stone in my pocket to absorb all negative influences. Is it magick when I call upon unseen powers to help me assume an assertive “god-aspect” and thus act invincible? Or is the visualization of myself as such a powerful individual just a result of my practicing certain psychological exercises (camouflaged as magickal spells) to build self-confidence? I believe that both explanations may be simultaneously correct. I also have used practical magick, ESP in this case, to find an obscure basket of kiwis on sale at a local grocery store after failing to find these hidden fruits by twice slowly and systematically moving up and down the produce isles.
Gareth Knight writes that “[t]he only guide to truth in all of this [magic], as in religious faith, lies in first-hand experience.” A balancing of personal belief with some healthy skepticism is probably the best approach for evaluating others’ claims of magickal successes that you have not personally witnessed.
 

LOW MAGICK

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To Enter the UnderworldAfter mastering astral projection, you are ready to begin the process of attainment called Walking the Worlds. The first place to visit is the classic Underworld of shamans and the Realm of the Dead of the ancient Mysteries, called Hades or Hel. Typically, the astral tunnel which leads to the Underworld opens to a realm of red mist. Here one must pass the Guardian of the Dread Gate. This Guardian may take many forms; here, we will speak of Cerberus, the classical three-headed dog of the Greco-Roman Mysteries who guards the Gate against the unworthy. The successful outcome of this ritual requires that one first become ‘worthy’ to enter the Underworld while still living by sacrifice in the physical world to indicate one has overcome the hold of the world on oneself. In ancient times, this was often accomplished by giving one’s things to the poor to feed the hungry.. For your purposes, you must make a gesture in a similar vein. To pass the Guardian
Cerberus and enter the Underworld, one must win the ritual combat:
1. Approach Cerberus from the front with weapons down and halt when you can see its eyes. Now enter the first stage of the ritual by staring Cerberus down, until it looks away.
2. Now you must quickly leap upon the beast and expend all your strength to wrestle it to the ground and place your neck over the neck(s) of Cerberus; at this point, it will cease to struggle momentarily.
3. Complete the ritual by blowing your breath into its ears; Cerberus will now cease to struggle altogether and passively allow you to pass the Dread Door.

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